This book analyses, country by country and region by region, responses to the worldwide demand for reductions in carbon dioxide emissions. The discussion is quantitative and contains many related calculations. There are discussions of how the respective countries have fulfilled their obligations under the Kyoto Protocol and detailed coverage of some of novel technologies for energy production with reduced or nil carbon footprint.

The book has received a positive review in The Chemical Engineer, the monthly of the Institution of Chemical Engineers. You can see the review here: https://www.thechemicalengineer.com/features/offshore-oil-and-gas-decommissioning-book-review-issue-921/

I intend that this book will have the following purposes. It will provide an up-to-date coverage of carbon emissions and mitigations throughout the world. It attune the mind of a reader not previously specialising in such matters to such things as carbon-neutral fuels. And it will have its place in university courses in energy matters. A reader might think that the calculations throughout the book on carbon release and mitigation are starting, by about half way through the text, to become a little repetitive. This is intentional for two reasons. One cannot argue the points made without such calculations, and to a reader previously inexperienced in such matters they will provide helpful exercises.

This is the sixth in my series of books published by Ventus. Given the subject matter, I can imagine that there will be scope for a revised edition after about five years. This, subject to the approval of Ventus, I shall be happy to undertake.

J.C. Jones

Aberdeen, June 2013.

All diligent attempts were made to contact copyright owners of the illustrations and to obtain permission to use them. If any permission or acknowledgement has inadvertently been omitted author and publisher should be informed. This being an electronic book, it will be possible to rectify such an omission.

• Preface

1. Introduction
   1. The seminal application of physics to global warming: Arrhenius 1896
   2. Some concepts from Arrhenius’ treatise
   3. Enter Kyoto
   4. References
2. The United Kingdom
   1. Preamble
   2. Electricity production in 2010
   3. Transport
   4. Household energy
   5. Carbon dioxide sequestration
   6. Tree planting
   7. References
3. Other European Union countries
   1. Introduction
   2. France
   3. The Netherlands
   4. Germany
   5. Belgium
   6. Spain
   7. Portugal
   8. Newer members of the EU
   9. Concluding remarks
   10. References
4. China
   1. Introduction
   2. Beijing
   3. Regional China
   4. The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR)
   5. Concluding remarks
   6. References
5. North America
   1. Introduction
   2. Selected locations in the USA examined for carbon dioxide emissions and mitigation
   3. CCS in the USA
   4. Tree planting in the US
   5. The situation in Canada
   6. Concluding remarks
   7. References
6. The Far East
   1. Introduction
   2. Carbon dioxide emissions
   3. Further remarks
   4. References
7. The OPEC Countries
   1. Introduction
   2. Member countries and their CO2 emissions
   3. Further considerations
   4. Concluding remarks
   5. References
8. The Indian subcontinent
   1. Preamble
   2. Some relevant details on India
   3. Pakistan
   4. Bangladesh
   5. Sri Lanka
   6. Conclusion
   7. References
9. Australia, New Zealand and the South Pacific
   1. Introduction
   2. The current milieu in Australia
   3. The current milieu in New Zealand
   4. PNG
   5. The Pacific Islands
   6. Concluding remarks
   7. References
10. South America
    1. Introduction
    2. Miscellaneous South American countries
    3. Further remarks
    4. References
11. The Former Soviet Union
    1. Introduction
    2. Russia
    3. Ukraine
    4. Kazakhstan
    5. The Baltic states
    6. Selected further Former Soviet Union countries
    7. Concluding remarks
    8. References
12. Some selected African countries
    1. Introduction
    2. South Africa
    3. Lesotho
    4. Botswana
    5. Cameroon
    6. Kenya
    7. Madagascar
    8. Mauritius
    9. Other selected African nations
    10. Concluding remarks
    11. References
13. Large cities across the world
    1. Introduction and selection of cities
    2. Concluding remarks
    3. References
14. Isolated and/or sparsely populated regions of the world
    1. Introduction
    2. Selected regions
    3. Concluding remarks
    4. References
15. Endnotes