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Pressure Control During Oil Well Drilling

- Author Pål Skalle
- ISBN 978-87-7681-526-4
- 1 edition
- 100 pages
Description
Porous sedimentary formations penetrated by the rock bit contain fluids such as oil, gas or salt water. If the hydrostatic pressure of the drilling fluid drops below the formation pore pressure, pore fluid will enter the well and “kick” the mud out of the well. To control the pressure while drilling you need to understand the behavior of gas. This book aims at explaining the physics and the engineering approaches behind pressures in the sediments, detection of unstable wellbores, equipments necessary to close and kill the well, killing methods and offshore challenges.
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Contents
1. Introduction
1.1 The drilling process
1.2 Geological sediments
1.3 About Pressure Control in sedimentary rocks
1.4 Principle of barriers and safety aspects
1.5 Scope of this book
2. Pressure in the sediments
2.1 Sedimentary pressure prediction models
2.1.1 Overburden pressure and associated porosity
2.1.2 Normal pore pressure
2.1.3 Abnormal pore pressure
2.1.4 Fracture Pressure
2.2 Quantifying formation pressure
2.2.1 Overburden pressure
2.2.2 Abnormal pore pressure
2.2.3 Fracture pressure
3. Well Control Equipment
3.1 BOP stack and associated equipment
3.1.1 Shutting off the annulus
3.1.2 Shutting off the drill string
3.2 Remote control of the BOP
3.3 Volumetric unstable well (kicking well)
3.4 Closing procedure
4. Standard killing methods
4.1. Surface and bottom pressure of a shut in well
4.1.1 Stabilized pressure just after shut in
4.1.2 Gas percolation in a closed well
4.1.3 MAASP
4.1.4 Estimating kill mud weight and safety factors
4.1.5 Composition of infl uxing pore fluid
4.2. Hydraulic friction during killing
4.3. Killing by means of Driller’s Method
4.3.1 Six phases of killing
4.3.2 Critical pressures during killing
4.4 The Engineer’s Method and kill sheet
4.5 Killing when unable to circulate from bottom
5. Deviatory behavior of gas
5.1 Transport of gas
5.1.1 Gas bubbles
5.1.2 Gas bubble velocity
5.1.3 Well bore pressure during stationary gas flow
5.1.4 Surface pressure during killing
5.2 Gas solubility
5.2.1 Solubility in general
5.2.2 Solubility of gas in liquids
5.2.3 Operational problems related to dissolved gas
6. Narrow pressure window
6.1 Lowered mud window in deep wells and in deep water
6.2 High annular friction pressure hidden in SICP
6.3 Modifi ed killing procedure with BOP on seabed
6.4 Killing highly inclined wells
7. Special offshore safety issues
7.1 Low sea temperature
7.1.1 Hydrates
7.1.2 Gelled mud in cold pipelines
7.2 Other deep water problems
7.2.1 Riser Margin and riser disconnect
7.2.2 Gas trapped in BOP or hidden in Riser
7.3 Shallow sands below deep water
7.3.1 Shallow water flow
7.3.2 Shallow gas
7.3.4 Killing procedure in shallow sands
References
Nomenclature
Abbreviations
Unit conversion factors
About the Author
Name: Pål Skalle
Date of birth: 7th of August, 1947
Place of birth: Lærdal, Norway
Employment info: The Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)
Education:
1969-71 First two years of MSc Degree: NTNU
1971-74 Last three years of MSc Degree. Montan University
1980-83 PhD within Petroleum Engineering. NTNU
1983-85 Pedagogic education for MSc. NTNU
Scientific experience:
1975-76 Scientific assistant in Petroleum Engineering. NTNU
1976-78 Researcher (funded by Norwegian Research Council, NFR), at NTNU
1978-83 Ass. Professor in Petroleum Engineering, NTNU
1979-80 Drilling Engineer. Elf Aquitaine Norge AS, Stavanger
1984-85 Research manager within drilling technology, PETRECO A/S, Trondheim/Stjørdal.
1985- Associate professor in petroleum engineering. NTNU.
1987, 1996, 2005 Research period at University of Texas at Austin. Dept. of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering in 1987 and 1996, and in 2005 at the University of the West Indies, Dept. of Petroleum Engineering.
1994-10 SPE activities: Faculty Student
Sponsor (1990-94)
Program chairman of Trondheim SPE section (2004-05)
Technical Editor of SPED&C (2003-07)
Associate Editor of SPED&C (2007-10)
Co-founder of research companies
1985 Petreco AS, A Stjørdal based company focusing on research and development within drilling fluid challenges and within transport of water, oil and gas by means of the ”wheel”. Petreco AS had 10 employees until it was sold to Statoil in 1992.
2005 Volve AS. Changed name to Verdande technology in 2008. A Trondheim based company focusing on combining drilling technology and case-based reasoning (CBR) to predict unwanted events. With three heavy investors the company had in 2010 more than 30 employees in Trondheim and Houston, performing drilling process surveillance and pilot testing with approximately 10 different customers (oil and service companies).
2009 Parent Node AS. A Trondheim based holding company within CBR. Four equal share holders.
Books by Pål Skalle:
1. Drilling Fluid Engineering
2. Pressure Control During Oil Well Drilling
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