Concise Hydraulics

This is an introductory book on hydraulics that covers the fundamental theories (continuity, energy and momentum equations), hydrostatics, pipe flow, physical modelling (dimensional analysis and similarity), open channel flow, uniform flow, channel design, critical flow, rapidly varied flow, hydraulic jump, hydraulic structures, gradually varied flow, computation of flow profile, unsteady flow and hydraulic machinery (pump and turbine). The text has been written in a concise format that is integrated with the relevant graphics, examples, questions, answers and full solutions.

Hydraulics is a branch of scientific and engineering discipline that deals with the mechanical properties of fluids, mainly water. It is widely applied in many civil and environmental engineering systems (water resources management, flood defence, harbour and port, bridge, building, environment protection, hydropower, irrigation, ecosystem, etc). This is an introductory book on hydraulics and written for undergraduate students in civil and environmental engineering, environmental science and geography. The aim of this book is to provide a concise and comprehensive coverage of hydraulics that is easy to access through the Internet.

The book content covers the fundamental theories (continuity, energy and momentum equations), hydrostatics, pipe flow, physical modelling (dimensional analysis and similarity), open channel flow, uniform flow, channel design, critical flow, rapidly varied flow, hydraulic jump, hydraulic structures, gradually varied flow, computation of flow profile, unsteady flow and hydraulic machinery (pump and turbine). The text has been written in a concise format that is integrated with the relevant graphics. There are many examples to further explain the theories introduced. The questions at the end of each chapter are accompanied by the corresponding answers and full solutions. A list of recommended reading resources is provided in the appendix for readers to further explore the interested hydraulics topics.

Due to its online format, it is expected that the book will be updated regularly. If you find any errors and inaccuracies in the book, you are encouraged to email me with feedback and suggestions for further improvements.

Dawei Han

Preface

1. Fundamentals
1.1 Properties of Fluids
1.2 Flow Description
1.3 Fundamental Laws of Physics

2. Hydrostatics
2.1 Pressure
2.2 Manometer
2.3 Pressure Force on Plane Surface
2.4 Pressure Force on Curved Surface
2.5 Flotation

3. Energy Equation
3.1 Basic Formula
3.2 Applications

4. Momentum Equation
4.1 The Principle
4.2 Applications

5. Pipe Flow
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Energy losses in pipe flow
5.3 Local losses (or Minor losses)
5.4 Grade Line
5.5 Combination of pipes

6. Physical Modelling
6.1 Background
6.2 Dimensional Analysis
6.3 Analysis of Experimental Data
6.4 Model and Similarity

7. Open Channel Flow
7.1 What is "Open Channel Flow"
7.2 Channel Geometric Properties
7.3 Calculation of Hydraulic Radius and Hydraulic Mean Depth

8. Uniform Flow
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Laminar or Turbulent Flow
8.3 Energy Loss Equations
8.4 Computation of Uniform Flow

9. Channel Design
9.1 Channel Design
9.2 Compound Channel
9.3 The Best Hydraulic Section

10. Critical Flow
10.1 Small Wave in Open Channel
10.2 Critical Flow
10.3 Critical Flow Computation

11. Rapidly Varied Flow
11.1 Sudden Transitions
11.2 Depth of Flow
11.3 Height of Hump
11.4 Specific Energy

12. Hydraulic Jump
12.1 Jump Equation
12.2 Hydraulic Jump in Rectangular Channel
12.3 Hydraulic Jump in Trapezoidal Channel
12.4 Hydraulic jump in Sloping Channel

13. Hydraulic Structures
13.1 Flumes (Venturi)
13.2 Weirs (Broad-crested weir)
13.3 Energy dissipators
13.4 Sluice Gates

14. Gradually Varied Flow
14.1 Equation of Gradually Varied Flow
14.2 Classification of Surface Profiles
14.3 Flow Profile Sketch
14.4 Flow transitions

15. Computation of Flow Profile
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Numerical integration methods
15.3 Computation Procedure through an Example
15.4 Further Computational Information

16. Unsteady Flow
16.1 Basic Types
16.2 Rapidly Varied Unsteady Flow
16.3 Gradually Varied Unsteady Flows (Saint-Venant equations)
16.4 Software packages

17. Hydraulic Machinery
17.1 Hydropower and Pumping Station
17.2 Turbines
17.3 Pump and Pipeline

Appendix: Further Reading Resources